Tír na mBláth
Irish Seisiún Newsletter
Thanks to our past editors - Mary Gallacher and Bill Padden Editor Tommy Mac Today's date and new proverb Tuesday, January 20, 2026

This Week’s Session 1..

Today, we celebrated our own Pat Lyons

as the Tir na mBlath Person of the year.

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Tim Finnegans was packed to the rafters for our well-loved friend.

In fact, it was a capacity crowd, and unfortunately, we had to turn away many more as the venue was completely sold out.

 

Video of Tommy Mac’s long speech. You may want to hit the bathroom first.

Tommy Mac’s speech

 

Maureen Fallon’s much shorter speech and presentation of Pat’s gift.

Maureen’s speech

 

A few of the MANY tunes played by the Session Players, led by Pat

Tune 1

Tune 2

Tune 3

 

See videos of the Irish Dancers. Click below. Use the BACK ARROW to return

Video

Video

Video

 

Click on any image to enlarge.

Find out what’s happening at Tim Finnegan;s this month.

 

Recurring

Spider Cherry composes music that connects many genres from rock to funk to dance to theatre. As both front man and pianist, Nathan combines a powerful soul/rock voice with an effortlessly slick playing style

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Click here to view calendar

Finnegan’s supports us…Let’s support them!

.………..

Click any of the above logos to go to that site

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“That’s How I Spell Ireland”

Saturdays at 7 to 8 PM EST.

You can listen on 88.7FM or WRHU.org.

For a request please text me on 917 699-4768.Kevin and Joan Westley

Note: Show will be preempted whenever the NY Islanders have a Saturday game

Old Ireland

Tubular Bridge and Man O’ War Sea Stack,

Gobbins Path, Islandmagee, Co Antrim.

early 1900s.

Mail Received

Travel in Ireland

Annascaul lies in the southern foothills of the Slieve Mish Mountains situated in the heart of the Dingle Peninsula along the Wild Atlantic Way. 

The Annascaul region in Co Kerry is home to a diverse artisan community with potters, herb producers, cheese farms, and the award-winning Annascaul black and white pudding made here.

With a great choice of cozy and welcoming accommodation, informal eateries, and lively pubs, Annascaul is a great place to base a visit to the Dingle Peninsula and enjoy the village and magnificent surrounding landscape.

The colorful village was the home of Tom Crean, the Antarctic explorer nicknamed the Irish Giant, and today you still enjoy a meal and a pint of Guinness at the pub he opened with his wife in 1917,  “The South Pole Inn”. The building also contains a collection of Tom Crean memorabilia.

World-renowned sculptor Jerome Connor was also born in Annascaul, and a large collection of his most impressive pieces are on display in the Jerome Connor gallery.

Annascaul attracts thousands of walkers each year to walk the Dingle Way, the Kerry Camino and the fourteen marked trails which guide you through the area and nearby Inch. Wherever you walk, the views are majestic and the countryside is unspoiled.

Finally, the scenic and atmospheric Annascaul Lake is not to be missed. Lying north of the village, the lake is situated in a wild boulder-strewn gorge. Legend tells of Cúchulainn battling another giant here by throwing great boulders at each other for over a week. You can drive into a small car park at the lakeside and from there you can walk into the breathtaking valley.

Click here to learn more about what’s there to do and see in Annasucal. With thanks to Dingle Peninsula Tourism Alliance for providing the video.

 

Irish Language

Submitted by our own Anita

 

 

Here is a little dan (poem) to help you count “as gaeilge.”

A haon, a do, capall is bo (ah hane ah doh capall iss bow) horse and cow

A tri, a ceathair, broga leathair (ah three ah cahir, brogah lahir) leather shoes

A cuig, a se, cupan tae (ah cooig ah shay, cupawn tay) cup of tea

A seacht, a hocht, seanbhean bhocht (ah shacht a hucht shanvan vucht) poor old woman

A naoi, a deich, ciste te (ah knee, a jeh, keeshte che) hot cake

Aon (1)  do(2)  tri(3) ceathair(4) cuig(5) se(6) seacht(7) ocht(8) naoi(9) deich(10)

If you pronounce it correctly, it rhymes in Irish but not in English!

Slan go foill,

Anita

 

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Free Irish Classes

The classes are over zoom and are held at 12:00 eastern time the 1 st Sunday of every month.

It is basic conversational Irish and open to learners of all ages, especially beginners.

All are invited.

Hope to see you there!

slan go foill. Le dea ghui,

Anita

click here to register

Travel Quiz

Can you identify this site 

and its location in Ireland

Answer in Next Week’s Newsletter

Last week’s answer

Kilkenny-Castle-

Towers at Kilkenny Castle

This week’s Irish recipie

A mouthwatering recipe for Irish watercress soup

A simple, indescribably delicious watercress soup recipe that’s perfect to cozy up with this winter.

Irish watercress soup

Irish watercress soup Getty

Here’s a simple, indescribably delicious watercress soup recipe.

Watercress has been grown and eaten in Ireland since prehistoric times. Its mild peppery flavor makes it a popular salad green and garnish.

In the heart of Ireland’s rich culinary tapestry lies a gem that encapsulates the essence of both tradition and innovation – Irish watercress soup. As the emerald-green landscapes of the Emerald Isle inspire a deep connection to nature, this mouthwatering recipe is a testament to the country’s commitment to fresh, locally sourced ingredients.

From the soothing warmth it imparts on chilly evenings to the vibrant burst of flavors that dance on the palate, Irish watercress soup is a celebration of Irish heritage and a culinary adventure that beckons enthusiasts to explore the depths of its rich gastronomic legacy. Join us on a journey to uncover the secrets behind this delightful soup, and discover how a humble bowl can encapsulate the warmth and hospitality synonymous with Ireland’s culinary traditions.

Try it out in this tasty watercress soup recipe!

Irish watercress soup recipe

Ingredients

Serves: 8

  • 1 large onion, diced
  • 1/2 cup diced leek
  • 1/2 cup diced celery
  • 2 tablespoons butter
  • 2 medium potatoes, peeled and diced
  • 1-quart chicken or vegetable stock
  • 1/2-cup heavy cream
  • 6 ounces watercress, well washed
  • 1/2 cup of whipped heavy cream for garnish
  • 8 sprigs of watercress for garnish
  • In a 2-quart heavy-bottomed saucepan, over medium-high heat, sweat the onion, leek, and celery in butter, until soft.
  • Add potato and chicken or vegetable stock. Simmer gently, uncovered, 25 minutes.
  • Add cream and watercress and simmer for 2 minutes. In a food processor fitted with a steel blade, puree until smooth.
  • Season to taste.
  • Serving suggestion: Serve the velvety Irish watercress soup alongside warm slices of homemade Irish soda bread. The hearty, slightly sweet flavor of the bread complements the peppery notes of the watercress, creating a harmonious balance.

*Originally published in January 2022. Updated in January 2025.

Poem of the Week

Love songs and poems from the great Irish writers for Valentine’s Day

Looking for something special for the inside of your Valentine’s Day card? Try out these poems and songs from some of the best Irish writers in history.

Here\'s how to share a bit of Irish love this Valentine\'s Day.

Here’s how to share a bit of Irish love this Valentine’s Day. Unsplash

 

When it comes to romance, Irish writers are rightly famous.

With Valentine’s Day just a month away, we decided to give you a flavor of the best love writings from some of our greatest writers and poets.

From W.B. Yeats to James Joyce to Seamus Heaney, there is more than enough material from the most talented Irish writers to ensure you have a romantic message for that special someone on February 14. 

William Butler Yeats

 

William Butler Yeats.

William Butler Yeats.

 

When you are old

When you are old and grey and full of sleep,
And nodding by the fire, take down this book,
And slowly read, and dream of the soft look
Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;

How many loved your moments of glad grace,
And loved your beauty with love false or true,
But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you,
And loved the sorrows of your changing face;

And bending down beside the glowing bars,
Murmur, a little sadly, how Love fled
And paced upon the mountains overhead
And hid his face amid a crowd of stars.

James Joyce

 

James Joyce.

James Joyce.

 

The Dead

“Why is it that words like these seem dull and cold? Is it because there is no word tender enough to be your name?”

John Millington Synge

“…drawn to the cities where you’d hear a voice kissing and talking deep love in every shadow of the ditch, and you passing on with an empty, hungry stomach failing from your heart…”

John Boyle O’Reilly

The red rose whispers of passion,
And the white rose breathes of love;
O, the red rose is a falcon,
And the white rose is a dove.

But I send you a cream-white rosebud
With a flush on its petal tips;
For the love that is purest and sweetest

Has a kiss of desire on the lips

John Boyle O’Reilly

A wasting breath,
But you must know one word of truth
Gives a ghost breath. In language beyond learning’s touch
Passion can teach.
Speak in that speech beyond reproach
The body’s speech.

Donal IX MacCarthy Mór, Last High King of Munster, who in 1596

English translation of Lament for Art O’Leary

My steadfast love!

When I saw you one day
by the market-house gable
my eye gave a look
my heart shone out
I fled with you far
from friends and home.

And never was sorry:
you had parlors painted
rooms decked out
the oven reddened
and loaves made up
roasts on spits
and cattle slaughtered;
I slept in duck-down
till noontime came
or later if I liked.

Seamus Heaney

 

Seamus Heaney.

Seamus Heaney.

 

Her scarf a la Bardot,
In suede flats for the walk,
She came with me one evening
For air and friendly talk.
We crossed the quiet river,
Took the embankment walk.

Traffic holding its breath,
Sky a tense diaphragm:
Dusk hung like a backcloth
That shook where a swan swam,
Tremulous as a hawk
Hanging deadly, calm.

A vacuum of need
Collapsed each hunting heart
But tremulously we held
As hawk and prey apart,
Preserved classic decorum,
Deployed our talk with art.

 

Which Irish love quote is your favorite? Let us know in the comments section, below. 

*Originally published in 2012. Updated in February 2025.

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Stories and Tales

Céad Míle Fáilte, and welcome to your Letter from Ireland for this week. We’ve just passed the New Year so we’re deep into the winter months here in County Cork, with the days staying dark until well after eight in the morning. However, there’s a particular stillness to these mornings that I find quite beautiful, the kind that makes you grateful for a warm kitchen and a cup of Barry’s tea. How are things in your part of the world today?

I’m settled in with my tea as I write, and I hope you’ll join me with a cup of whatever you fancy as we start into today’s letter. This week, I want to take us on a journey to a place that might seem quite distant from Ireland, but is actually connected to us through fascinating threads of history, culture, and even genetics – the land of fire and ice known as Iceland.

When Irish Monks Sailed to the Edge of the World

Last month, I noticed the following post in the Green Room from Deirdre:

“I recently took a DNA test and was surprised to see a small percentage of Scandinavian ancestry alongside my Irish heritage. When I mentioned this to a friend, she also told me there were actually ancient connections between Ireland and Iceland, which I was quite surprised to hear. I’d love to learn more about this as I recently visited Iceland and was very taken by the beauty of the natural landscape.”

What a fascinating subject, Deirdre! Unknown to many, the connection between Ireland and Iceland is one of the most intriguing stories in early medieval history, and it begins long before the Vikings arrived there.

According to Icelandic sources, when Norse settlers first arrived in Iceland around 870 AD, they found Irish monks already there. These monks, called “Papar” in Old Norse, had arrived decades earlier, seeking isolation for prayer and contemplation. They’d sailed the treacherous North Atlantic in small boats called “Currachs” which consisted of wood frames covered with animal hides.

These Irish monks didn’t stay after the Norse arrived, supposedly they left because they didn’t wish to live among heathens. But they did leave behind Irish books, bells, and croziers. Place names across Iceland still echo their presence: Papey (Monks’ Island), Papos, and Papyli all commemorate these early Irish visitors.

The Viking Age: A Two-Way Connection Begins

The relationship between Ireland and Iceland deepened dramatically during the Viking Age. From the late 8th century onwards, Norse raiders and traders had established settlements around Ireland, particularly in the cities that became known as Dublin, Waterford, Wexford, Cork, and Limerick. While originally temporary camps, they eventually became thriving Norse-Irish communities where both cultures blended.

So, when Iceland was permanently settled starting around 870 AD, many of those settlers came directly from these Norse colonies in Ireland. They brought with them Irish wives, servants, and slaves. The Icelandic Landnámabók (Book of Settlements) records the names of the original Icelandic settlers, and a significant number have Irish connections.

One famous example is Aud the Deep-Minded, a Norse woman who lived in Dublin before settling in Iceland. She brought with her twenty freed Irish slaves and granted them land. Her story illustrated how intertwined these two island cultures had become.

What DNA Tell Us

Modern genetics has filled in remarkable detail over this historical picture. DNA studies reveal that while most Icelandic men have Scandinavian ancestry, a significant proportion of Icelandic women, some studies suggest up to 60%, have Gaelic genetic heritage.

This pattern tells a powerful story. Norse men who’d spent time in Ireland or western Scotland often brought Gaelic women with them to Iceland – sometimes as wives and sometimes as slaves who later integrated into society. The genetic legacy of these women has persisted through the centuries in Iceland’s relatively isolated population.

For those of us with Irish ancestry, this means the connection can run both ways. Many people of Irish descent might find small amounts of Scandinavian DNA because of Norse settlement in Ireland, while Icelanders often carry Irish genetic markers from this same period of contact.

Cultural Echoes Across the Water

The cultural connections go beyond genetics. Both islands developed rich oral and literary traditions. Ireland’s monastic scribes preserved early Irish literature, while Iceland’s saga writers created some of medieval Europe’s finest prose.

Some scholars believe Irish literary traditions influenced early Icelandic writing. The detailed genealogies, the emphasis on family honour, and the preservation of oral history were features of both cultures. When you read an Icelandic saga (I’m afraid I have only read modern Icelandic murder mysteries, of which there are a surprising number) , you’re encountering something that would feel familiar to an early Irish storyteller. You have the respectful attention to ancestry, the importance of place names, and the way stories anchor families to the land.

Both islands also share a tradition of independent spirit. Ireland, despite centuries of conquest, maintained its language, culture, and identity. While Iceland may not have been under the same colonial pressure, there is a similar stubbornness to both peoples – a refusal to simply disappear into larger neighbouring cultures.

Two Islands, One Story

What strikes me most about the Ireland-Iceland connection is how it reminds us that our ancestors’ stories were never confined to one place. The Irish monks who sailed to Iceland seeking God in the wilderness, the Norse-Irish families who settled a new land, and the Gaelic women who became founding mothers of Iceland’s population – all of these people carried Irish blood and culture far beyond our shores.

When you research our Irish heritage, you’re not just exploring one small island on the edge of Europe. You’re connecting with a people who travelled, traded, and left their mark across the medieval world.

The next time you look at your DNA results or trace your family tree, remember that your Irish ancestors were part of this broader story. Their blood and culture flowed out across the seas, just as other peoples’ blood flowed into Ireland. We’re all part of a rich, complex tapestry of human movement and connection.

So, thanks to Deirdre for raising this interesting topic. How about the rest of our readers. Have you discovered unexpected connections between your Irish heritage and other parts of the world? Feel free to HIT REPLY and share your story.

That’s it for this week,

Slán for now,

Mike.

 

Ireland’s lesser-known Famine, the history of the Year of the Slaughter

Ireland’s famine in the 1700s – known in Irish as Bliain an Áir, Year of the Slaughter – was almost as devastating as The Great Hunger.

We all know of the Great Famine of the 1800s but what of the Year of the Slaughter during the previous century?

We all know of the Great Famine of the 1800s but what of the Year of the Slaughter during the previous century? Getty

 

We are all familiar with An Gorta Mór or The Great Hunger that ravaged Ireland in the 1840s after the failure of the potato crop, but a less well-known famine – Bliain an Áir, meaning the Year of the Slaughter – took place from 1740 to 1741. 

What is known today as the Little Ice Age held Europe in its grip between the 14th and 19th centuries. Although not as extensive or as cold as the ice age we are familiar with from school, it caused untold damage across Europe. Alpine glaciers expanded their ranges, annihilating farms and villages in Switzerland, France, and Austria.

By the middle of the 18th century, the Little Ice Age was beginning to loosen its grip. It did, however, have one final convulsion that would have devastating results – especially in Ireland.

In 1740, Ireland had a population of approximately 2.5 million people, most of whom had a varied diet of grains, potatoes, fish, and occasional meat. The potato had not yet become the main source of food, so diets varied by location, land quality, and other factors.

The Great Frost

Following a few decades of mild winters, an unusual and sudden climatic change known as The Great Frost hit Europe. Starting in December 1739, Ireland, along with continental Europe, from Scandinavia to Italy, saw temperatures plummet dramatically.

To this day, scientists differ on the causes for this significant temperature reduction. Some believe that the cause was a vast high-pressure system that prevented warmer air from following its usual pat,h while others are of the school of thought that a lack of sunspot activity led to the freeze. Whatever the reasons, there is no disputing the consequences.

Rivers and ports froze over, killing fish and making sea trade impossible. Stored grain froze, making it useless, while potatoes buried in pits also froze, rendering them inedible and, in the process, destroying the seed potatoes for the following year’s planting. Although hardly any snow fell, one surviving outdoor temperature reading is described as “32 degrees of frost.” It would have been very difficult for people of a temperate climate to contend with such cold.

In his 1742 poem ‘The Frosty Winter of Ireland, in the year 1739-40‘, William Dunkin wrote:

“…Beneath the glassy gulph
Fishes benumb’d, and lazy sea-calves freeze
In crystal coalition with the deep.”

Food fails

The spring of 1740 saw a slight warming trend, but the expected rains did not come. By the end of April, whatever winter wheat that had not frozen now died of drought. A similar fate befell cattle and sheep by the thousands. Given that the stored grain and potatoes were already destroyed by the frost, the stage was set for disaster.

Savage cold returned in October 174,0 followed by blizzards, a warm-up, and flooding. Food riots took place in the cities as prices for staples such as bread skyrocketed. By December of that year, reports of sickness started to emerge.

 

In Cork, the Newcastle Courant newspaper in its December 27th issue reported that “…an uncommon Mortality among the poor People by Fevers and Fluxes, owing no doubt in a great Measure to their poor Living, the Price of Corn being risen to an excessive Rate…”.

Soon reports of typhus and dysentery were coming in from all over the country. This pattern of sickness and starvation continued until June 1741.

Relief efforts

Obviously, the idea of a modern social safety net did not yet exist; some efforts at relief were made by city councils, members of the Clergy, and some of the Landed Gentry. Although the relief efforts were made in good faith, given the scale and suddenness of the disaster, they provided little more than window dressing.

Church of Ireland Clergy solicited donations, which resulted in the distribution of ten tons of flour and eighty tons of coal in the first few weeks of the frost. TheThe

Lord-Lieutenant prohibited the export of grain to any country except England.

In Celbridge, County Kildare, Katherine Connolly commissioned the building of what became known as The Connolly Folly to provide work for the local population. Three years later, she would have The Wonderful Barn built as a hedge against future food shortages. These structures can still be seen today.

In June of 1741, five vessels loaded with grain were finally able to dock and unload in Galway. By Jul,y the price of grain finally began to readjust to pre-famine prices.

Read more

The toll of the Year of The Slaughter

Although numbers are hard to come by due to inadequate record-keeping, the year 1840 fully deserves its moniker as Year of The Slaughter. It is believed that in 1840, upwards of 400,000 people died. This implies that approximately 15% of the population perished, making Bliain an áir, in terms of deaths, a proportionally greater disaster than the Great Hunger.

Unlike the Great Hunger, this famine was not followed by mass emigration, which allowed the population to recover in an unprecedented population explosion over the next hundred years.

By 1840, the population of Ireland would number over eight million. This huge increase in population, combined with potato blight and hardening English attitudes, led directly to the tragedy of The Great Hunger.

Further recommended reading: Dickson, David (1997). Arctic Ireland: The Extraordinary Story of the Great Frost and Forgotten Famine of 1740–41. Belfast: White Row Press Lt.

*John Farrington is a native of Kiltimagh, in County Mayo, who lives in New York and is employed by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Visit the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Emerald Society here.

** Originally pubilshed in 2020, updated in January 2026.

The untold story of the women who helped build the US railroads

“Iron Women: The Ladies Who Helped Build The Railroad” by Chris Enss celebrates the women who influenced the first transcontinental railroad in the 1860s.

 

When the last spike was driven at Promontory Summit in 1869, history celebrated the men who laid the track, but largely erased the women who kept trains moving and passengers safe. In “Iron Women”, Chris Enss restores those lives from telegraph offices to Harvey House dining rooms, showing how immigrant workers, pioneering inventors, and frontline caregivers helped forge the iron link between New York and San Francisco.

“Iron Women: The Ladies Who Helped Build The Railroad” by Chris Enss celebrates the women who served as telegraph operators, mechanics, or as registered nurses and stewardesses in passenger cars in the early days of the US railroad. 

Enss is a New York Times best-selling author who has written more than 40 books about women in the Old West in just over 20 years. 

In her latest release, she seeks to look beyond the 4,000 men who built the first transcontinental railroad between New York and San Francisco over a five-year period in the 1860s and celebrate the often-overlooked role that women played in the creation of rail lines. 

Enss, who has roots in County Cork through her great-grandfather Joseph Hamilton, said that many of the 4,000 men who built the railroad were Irish immigrants working west from Omaha.

However, this is a tale of the women who influenced the American railroad industry, celebrating the storied lives of women who helped create an ambitious project stretching from the East to the West Coast. 

Enss notes that the physical task of building the 3,000-mile railroad had been achieved by men but says that women “made significant and lasting contributions to the operation”. 

Below is an excerpt from the introduction to Enss’s new book. 

When the last spike was hammered into the steel track of the Transcontinental Railroad on May 10, 1869, at Promontory Summit, Utah, Western Union lines sounded the glorious news of the railroad’s completion.  At 2:45 P.M., on that day, the following dispatch was received at New York.

“Promontory Summit, Utah, May 10 – The last rail is laid!  The last spike is driven!  The Pacific Railroad is complete!  The point of junction is 1086 miles west of the Missouri River, and 690 miles east of Sacramento City.”

For more than five years, an estimated four thousand men, mostly Irish working west from Omaha and Chinese working east from Sacramento, moved like a vast assembly line toward the end of the track.

Editorials in newspapers and magazines from coast to coast praised the accomplishment, and some boasted that the work “was begun, carried on, and completed solely by men.”  The August 1869 edition of Godey’s Lady’s Book and Magazine reported, “No woman has laid a rail; no woman has made a survey.”  The article added that “the muscular force and the intellectual guidance have come alike from men.  It is worthwhile for the women who are clamoring for the suffrage to reflect whether the right to vote does not imply a capacity for the hard work of subduing the world, mental and physical, to which so far only men have been found competent.

“We have indicated again and again in this publication what we believe to be the true sphere of woman: in the home, in society, among the poor; refining and ennobling social intercourse; alleviating the misery of the world.  She can do these things now; if she contests man’s work with him, she can do them no longer.  Not by her hand can build the city…or the railroad.”

Although the physical task of building the railroad had been achieved by men, women made significant and lasting contributions to the historic operation.  The female connection with railroading dates as far back as 1838 when women were hired as registered nurses/stewardesses in passenger cars.  Those ladies attended to the medical needs of travelers and also acted as hostesses of sorts, helping passengers have a comfortable journey.

Susan Morningstar was one of the first women on record employed by a railroad.  She and her sister, Catherine Shirley, were hired by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1855 to keep the interior of the cars clean and orderly.  The feminine, homey touches they added to the railroad car’s décor attracted female travelers and transformed the stark, cold interior into a more welcoming setting.

Miss E. F. Sawyer became the first female telegraph operator when she was hired by the Burlington Railroad in Montgomery, Illinois, in 1872.  The following year, Union Pacific Railroad executives followed suit by hiring two women to be telegraph operators in Kansas City, Missouri.

Inventress Eliza Murfey focused on the mechanics of the railroad, creating devices for improving the way bearings on the rail wheel attached to train cars responded to the axles.  The device, or packing as it was referred to, was used to lubricate the axles and bearings.  Murfey held sixteen patents for her 1870 invention.

 

A woman works on the railroad. Chris Enss

 

In 1879, another woman inventor named Mary Elizabeth Walton developed a system that deflected emissions from the smokestacks on railroad locomotives.  She was awarded two patents for her pollution-reducing device.

A cattle rancher’s daughter, Nancy P. Wilkerson, from Terre Haute, Indiana, created the cattle car in 1881.  Using a rack and pinion mechanism, she devised sliding partisans that separated the livestock from the food compartments and water troughs.

From the mechanical to the ornamental and a combination of both, women like civil engineer Olive Dennis and architect Mary Colter made their marks on the railroad in the late 1890s.  While employed with the Baltimore and Ohio, Olive introduced reclining passenger seats and individual window vents that not only allowed fresh air into the car but also trapped dust.  The refinements were quickly adopted by railroad lines across the country.

Mary Colter was the chief architect and decorator for the Fred Harvey Company.  Harvey developed the Harvey House restaurants and hotels that served rail passengers on the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway.  Mary designed and decorated Harvey’s eateries and inns.  She considered the La Posada Hotel in Winslow, Arizona, to be her finest work.

In addition to Mary Colter’s architecture and decorating style, Fred Harvey’s establishments were further enhanced by the “attractive and intelligent young women of good character” who worked at his eating houses throughout the West.  Dressed in their starched, black and white shirts, bibs, and aprons, the always-beautiful Harvey Girls served cowhands, trainmen, and travelers from Dodge City, Kansas, to Santa Fe, New Mexico.

“The girls at a Fred Harvey place never look dowdy, frowsy, tired, slip-shot or overworked,” an article in the June 22, 1905, edition of the Leavenworth Times noted.  “They are expecting you – clean collars, clean aprons, hands and faces washed, nails manicured – there they are bright, fresh, healthy, and expectant.”

 

Harvey Girls. Chris Enss.

 

Two of the most desirous locations Harvey Girls sought to work were the Cardenas Hotel in Trinidad, Colorado, and the El Garces in Needles, California.  Both were beautifully situated and uniquely designed.  The El Garces was referred to as the “Crown Jewel” of the entire Fred Harvey chain.

Soiled doves capitalized on the business opportunities the completed railroad line introduced.  Ambitious madams acquired their own cars and transformed the interior into parlor houses.  Independently contracted locomotives would transport the rolling houses of ill repute and the wicked women aboard to various cowtowns along the Southern Pacific Railroad.

Highly principled ladies were able to make just as much of a fortune from the railways as disreputable women.  Sarah Clarke Kidder, the first female railroad president, proved women were just as capable of running a rail line as men.  In 1901, Sarah took over as head of California’s Nevada County Narrow Gauge Railroad.  The rail line, which hauled lumber, farm produce, and gold destined for the United States mint in San Francisco, flourished during her twelve-year rule.

Cora Mears Pitcher took over as president of the short line the Silverton Northern Railroad in southwest Colorado in 1931.  Her father, Otto Mears, built the railway in 1885 to support the lucrative mining business in the area.  The Silverton Northern Railroad ran from Silverton up the Animas River to Eureka.  Cora took great pride in assuming responsibility for the line and in preserving the memory of her father who operated a successful copper mine in the region.

Stage actress Lillie Langtry, one of the most famous actresses of the time, made traveling by rail a glamorous experience.  The interior of her private car, called the LaLee, featured upholstered seats, admirably carved woodwork inlaid with silver bands, plush carpeting, and a ceiling of diamond-shaped form on a lightly tinted lavender background.  In 1904, Lillie and LaLee traveled to Val Verde County, Texas, to meet the well-known justice of the peace Judge Roy Bean.  The judge was a great admirer of Lillie’s and had written her several times expressing his devotion.  Sadly, the judge had passed away before the actress’s visit.

Publisher and author Miriam Leslie might have done more to promote traveling by rail than any other woman in the 19th century.  In 1877, she embarked on an extravagant five-month train trip from New York to San Francisco.  Onboard the Union Pacific she visited such popular western locations as Salt Lake City, Utah; Cheyenne, Wyoming; and Denver, Colorado.  Miriam referred to the ride across the frontier as “exhilarating” and looked forward to seeing every square mile of the popular towns and cities on the itinerary.

“Iron Women: The Ladies Who Helped Build The Railroad” is available to purchase in all good bookstores. Click here to learn more about Chris Enss. 

* Originally published in 2021 and updated in January 2026.

 

WATCH: Conan O’Brien’s hilarious Irish American Heritage Center visit

Conan O’Brien got a crash course in all things Irish during a visit to the Irish American Heritage Center in Chicago.

Conan O\'Brien got in touch with his Irish roots during a visit to Chicago\'s Irish American Heritage Center.

Conan O’Brien got in touch with his Irish roots during a visit to Chicago’s Irish American Heritage Center. Team Coco, YouTube

 

Conan O’Brien paid a visit to the Chicago Irish American Heritage Center back in 2012.

Conan O’Brien visited Chicago’s Irish American Heritage Center to get in touch with his Irish roots.

During his tour of the Center, which features not one, not two, but six bars in the former elementary school, O’Brien was treated to a lesson from the world-renowned Trinity Irish Dancers, where he learned firsthand just how difficult the traditional art form can be.

Still, that didn’t stop O’Brien from donning a Michael Flatley-inspired ensemble and joining some of the professionals on stage for a brief performance. The show nearly went over without a hitch, at least until O’Brien accidentally kicked an Irish dancer in the face.

O’Brien later invited the talented group of Irish dancers to perform for his live studio audience, which was met with rousing applause.

Check out the hilarious video here!

Of course, Irish roots run deep with the late-night talk show host. Last year, while appearing on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, O’Brien recalled his recent DNA test results surprised his doctor.

During a routine physical, O’Brien’s doctor offered to run a DNA test for him and called him two weeks later to deliver the results.

“I’ve never, ever, ever had a DNA result like this before,” the doctor told O’Brien, “and I’ve been doing this for ten years.”

O’Brien says the doctor told him “You are 100% Irish.”

“I’ve never seen a 100 percent anything,” the doctor told O’Brien. “I’ve been doing this a lot, I’ve seen 93.5 [percent], I’ve seen 96.1, I’ve seen 97. No one is 100 percent Irish.”

* Originally published in March 2020 and updated in 2026.

While you’re trying out your Irish, try to pronounce this.

How would you like to have to write this out as your return address????

Submitted by Lawrence Mahoney.

 

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.

News From Ireland

Verizon outage $20 credit

Tommy Mac here….While this isn’t Irish news, it does affect many of our readers…..

Verizon is offering a very small credit after Wednesday’s massive outage, which drew more than 1.5 million reports and lasted hours. Initially, the carrier posted on X that it would offer a $20 credit, but customers must redeem it in the myVerizon app.

To redeem, you must go to your Verizon APP . From there, you need to log into your account and visit the Account Overview section.

Up top, there should be a Take Action or Mobile Actions button with a red notification circle.

Click that and you’ll see a pop-up about the credit and a Redeem Now button.

After you click that, you’re done, and Verizon says you should see the credit in one or two billing cycles.

‘I hadn’t heard of Celtic Curse, then I was diagnosed with it’

Niall McCrackenMid Ulster reporter, BBC News NI
Haemochromatosis UK Finbar Polin is staring intently at the camera. It is a close up of his face against a black background. He has short grey hair and blue eyes.
Finbar Polin was diagnosed with haemochromatosis in 2020

 

Thousands of people in parts of Northern Ireland are being offered free testing for a disorder commonly known as the Celtic Curse.

Haemochromatosis is the most common genetic disorder in Northern Ireland and is mostly found in people of Irish and Scots ancestry.

The disorder means a person is more at risk of absorbing too much iron and it can start to damage other parts of their body.

Symptoms can range from chronic fatigue, joint pain, memory issues, abdominal pain and skin conditions. If left untreated it can lead to serious long-term health complications.

Neil Irwin is standing in a gallery - there are pictures of people in the background. He is wearing a white shirt and dark jumper. He has a beard and brown hair.
Neil Irwin works for Haemochromatosis UK and was diagnosed with the condition seven years ago

BBC News NI previously reported on concerns that not enough people were being tested for it in Northern Ireland because of the cost.

The Department of Health’s current policy is to screen for genetic haemochromatosis when a patient shows symptoms.

But a charity has said it is hoping to capture more information on areas of Northern Ireland where people may be undiagnosed.

Haemochromatosis UK will offer up to 23,500 households free genetic screening in Irvinestown, Portadown, Ballymena and Magherafelt.

Neil Irwin works for Haemochromatosis UK and was diagnosed with the condition seven years ago.

He says early diagnosis is key to allow people access to effective treatments.

“In recent years we have had anecdotal evidence from areas like Mid Ulster where people have been contacting us saying their area seems to have high rates of haemochromatosis,” he said.

“But there is a lack of official data, so we’re looking to fill in some of those blank spots in Northern Ireland that have never screened before, to paint a more detailed picture of the prevalence of the condition.”

‘I knew something was wrong’

Collette McKnight is a mother of three who lives in rural County Down.

She was diagnosed with haemochromatosis in 2019.

“I would have had severe fatigue and pains, but I just would have put it down to being busy with the children and things like that, ” she said.

“But then I started to develop heart palpitations and I knew something else was wrong.”

Collette McKnight was diagnosed with haemochromatosis in 2019
Collette McKnight was diagnosed with haemochromatosis in 2019

She added: “When the tests came back confirming haemochromatosis, I hadn’t a clue what it was.

“Everyday is different. Some days it’s joint pain, other days it’s breathing problems, but it’s always dealing with the severe fatigue and that can be very difficult.”

She is now treated with therapeutic blood removal, which helps lower iron levels and ease symptoms caused by the condition.

What is the Celtic curse?

The gene mutation that causes most cases of hereditary haemochromatosis is believed to have originated in the Celtic population of Europe.

DNA analysis of the genomes of a Bronze Age farmer on Rathlin Island off the coast of County Antrim showed that it was already established by that period.

Earlier still, the remains of a Neolithic woman found at Ballynahatty near Belfast show that she carried a different variant also associated with an increased risk of the disorder.

Daniel Bradley, Trinity College Dublin A yellowish skull with the bottom jaw missing. It has A64 written on the forehead. There is a brown tag which says Ballynahatty and Fragile.
Daniel Bradley, Trinity College Dublin
Excavated near Belfast in 1855, the Ballynahatty woman lay in a Neolithic tomb chamber for 5,000 years

As part of the latest screening campaign, Haemochromatosis UK is bringing a touring photographic exhibition to Northern Ireland.

The exhibition, We are Overloaded, opens to the public at the Millennium Court in Portadown on 19 January.

It features a photographs of people living with haemochromatosis by Pulitzer Prize-winning photojournalist Cathal McNaughton.

Finbar Polin, from Gilford, is featured in the exhibition and was diagnosed with haemochromatosis during the pandemic.

BBC News Three separate shots of Finbar Polin. Two are headshots - he has grey hair and looking intently at the camera. The other is a black and white photo of him sitting on a chair with a camera and light in the foreground, and a white screen behind him.
BBC News Finbar Polin is from Craigavon and is featured in the exhibition

Speaking to BBC News NI, he said: “I’d never heard of the Celtic curse until I was diagnosed.

“It’s scary initially because it affects you mentally; you don’t know where you are going with it, but being part of the charity and meeting other people with it has really helped.

“That’s where I think the exhibition is really powerful, each picture is a person with a story.”

On the issue of screening, the Department of Health said it was guided by advice from UK National Screening Committee (UK NSC).

Among its recommendations on haemochromatosis, UK NSC stated that there was “limited evidence on whether treatment is more effective in individuals without symptoms, compared with those who have symptoms”.

But Haemochromatosis UK believe it is important to create an accurate picture as possible of the number of people living with the condition.

Three pictures of the same woman with short grey and black choppy hair. She is wearing glasses and has red lipstick on. She is wearing a black top and a silver chain. She looks happy in all three of them.
The We are Overloaded exhibition features the photos and stories of people living with haemochromatosis

 

Previous research by the charity suggests that as many as one in 10 people are at risk in Northern Ireland of genetic haemochromatosis.

The charity previously ran a campaign to fund and offer thousands of households in Belfast, Carrickfergus and Londonderry with free self-test kits.

A Haemochromatosis UK genetic testing kit usually costs about £130.

The latest kits being rolled out by Haemochromatosis UK were purchased with donations and funding received by the charity.

Haemochromatosis UK will offer up to 23,500 households free genetic screening in Irvinestown, Portadown, Ballymena and Magherafelt.
Haemochromatosis UK will offer up to 23,500 households free genetic screening

Businessman James Hagan, founder of Hagan Homes, is one of the donors.

He said: “Someone very close to me was recently diagnosed with genetic haemochromatosis — despite having no symptoms.

“Their experience highlights exactly why this campaign is so important. Most people affected have no warning signs, yet the potential consequences can be extremely serious if the condition goes undetected.”

Haemochromatosis UK has said that in the coming weeks and months , households in the relevant postcodes will receive information about genetic haemochromatosis.

In the package they will be offered a free genetic test, alongside access to counselling to help them understand their results.

Irish American art exhibition to open Lockwood-Mathews Mansion Museum 2026 season

Ireland’s Great Hunger Museum of Fairfield said it is honored to collaborate on the upcoming exhibition in Connecticut.

Tracy Sweeney, “Leaving,” 2019 (oil on wood).

Tracy Sweeney, “Leaving,” 2019 (oil on wood).

 

The Lockwood-Mathews Mansion Museum, in collaboration with Quinnipiac University and Ireland’s Great Hunger Museum of Fairfield, will inaugurate its 2026 Season with the opening of a new exhibition titled “A Journey of Hope: The Irish American Immigrant Experience,” on March 12 from 12 to 4 pm.

A reception, generously sponsored by O’Neill’s Pub and Restaurant, will follow from 5:30 to 7:30 pm.

The exhibition will run through May 17, 2026, and feature paintings and sculptures displayed in the Mansion’s Art Gallery as well as in the Servants’ Quarters. Viewing will be included with the purchase of a guided tour.

For more information, visit LockwoodMathewsMansion.com.

“We look forward to this collaborative exhibit that touches upon themes that are timeless and universal. I am certain that visitors will be thrilled to have an opportunity to see this outstanding art collection,” said LMMM Chairman of the Board Douglas Hempstead.

 

"Cottage, Achill Island," oil on canvas, by Alexander Williams.

 

Former President of Ireland, Michael D. Higgins, stated that “The Irish Famine of 1845 to 1852 was the greatest social calamity, in terms of morality and suffering, that Ireland has ever experienced.” 

From 1845 to 1855, over 1.5 million people emigrated from Ireland to America, searching for a better life. This exhibition will highlight the topic of Irish immigration in the 19th century to America using art as a visual reference. This exhibit will connect directly to the history of the Mansion in the 19th century, when most of the domestic staff was Irish, and where visitors will have an opportunity to revisit the Servants’ Quarters featuring an installation of sculptures by Irish American artists.

Loretto Leary, Co-Chair of the Connecticut-Ireland Trade Commission, said: “Forced from their homes by forces beyond their control, seeking not pity but the chance to forge new lives in an unfamiliar land, Irish famine immigrants set out on journeys that still echo today.

“From 1845 to 1852, this watershed moment in Irish history sent ripples across the Atlantic, shaping America in ways that are still felt, and mirroring the experiences of refugees around the world today.”

Ireland’s Great Hunger Museum of Fairfield contains the world’s largest collection of Great Hunger-related art by noted contemporary Irish and Irish American artists, as well as several period paintings by some of Ireland’s most important 19th-century artists. Ireland’s Great Hunger Museum of Fairfield exists at the intersection of art, history, and moral imagination. Rooted in the story of Ireland, but speaking to the wider world, the museum strives to remember what happens when a society turns away from its most vulnerable – and to honor the resilience of those who endure.

 

"Leaving," oil on wood, by Tracy Sweeney, 2019.

 

John Foley, President of Ireland’s Great Hunger Museum of Fairfield (IGHMF), said: “We are honored to collaborate with the Lockwood-Mathews Mansion Museum and Quinnipiac University on an exhibition that brings together art, history, and place.

“This partnership allows these works to be experienced in a setting that mirrors the lived realities of Irish immigrants in nineteenth-century America.”

This exhibition will be curated by Ryan Mahoney, the Project Manager at the Springfield Museums in Springfield, Massachusetts. A graduate of St. John Fisher College (BA) and the University at Albany (MA), Mahoney has over 15 years of experience working in the museum field, including serving as Executive Director for both the Irish American Heritage Museum in Albany, New York, and Ireland’s Great Hunger Museum at Quinnipiac University in Hamden, Connecticut.

Active in the Irish American Community, Mahoney has served as a national board member for the Irish American Cultural Institute and as a board member of the United Irish Societies of the Capital District. He was also an active member of the Albany St. Patrick’s Day Parade Committee. In 2016, Mahoney was named a recipient of the 40 under 40 Award by the Irish Echo.

This article was submitted to the IrishCentral contributors network by a member of the global Irish community. To become an IrishCentral contributor click here.

Ireland commits to €42 million in assistance to the people of Palestine in 2026

Ireland says new funding will support UNRWA and other partners delivering food, shelter and health services in Gaza and the West Bank.

Ireland\'s Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade Helen McEntee.

Ireland’s Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade Helen McEntee. RollingNews.ie

 

Ireland will provide €42 million in assistance to the people of Palestine in 2026, an increase from the €36 million it supplied in 2025, with €20 million earmarked as core funding for the United Nations Relief and Works Agency. The package also includes €2 million for the Egyptian and Palestinian Red Crescent Societies and further sums to be allocated across the year in response to need.

Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade Helen McEntee announced the funding while at the Rafah crossing between Egypt and Gaza during a visit to the region. McEntee said that the assistance will be primarily delivered through UN partners, particularly UNRWA.

McEntee warned that conditions in Gaza and the West Bank remain dire and that humanitarian needs are enormous. She said “The humanitarian and human rights situation across Gaza and the West Bank remains incredibly stark” and added “This funding from Ireland will help to provide food, shelter, water, sanitation, health and education for people across Palestine” in remarks made during the visit.

The minister also highlighted risks to civilians and to humanitarian operations. She said “Children are dying from malnutrition, while hundreds of thousands of people are living in tents or damaged buildings at risk of collapse” and warned that overcrowding, poor weather and lack of clean water make the threat of disease very high. These comments come as RTE and other outlets report ongoing violations and fatalities since the ceasefire was agreed late last year.

Ireland also signalled political concern about steps that would impede aid. McEntee reiterated her condemnation, made with six other European foreign ministers, of legislation that would cut water, electricity and communications to UNRWA facilities and she called for UNRWA operations to be facilitated in line with findings of the International Court of Justice. The minister described UNRWA as a lifeline that must be central to any response to urgent Palestinian needs.

Minister of State for International Development and Diaspora Neale Richmond said the announcement shows Ireland will continue to be a steady donor. He said “Today’s funding will bring Ireland’s support to the people in Palestine since January 2023 to €144 million by end 2026” and argued that other international donors must increase support.

 

The government statement breaks down the new commitment with a clear emphasis on multilateral partners. It underlines that €20 million will go to UNRWA to support vital services for Palestinian refugees in Gaza, the West Bank and across the region and that the remainder will be distributed during 2026 according to assessed needs.

Humanitarian groups and diplomats have repeatedly warned that even after the ceasefire movement and returns have begun, relief access and reconstruction needs far outstrip funding so far pledged by the international community.

Irish officials say the new funding is part of a wider diplomatic effort that includes visits to neighbouring countries hosting refugees and discussions with partner organisations in Jordan and Egypt. The government noted that practical, on the ground assessments during these visits help shape its allocations for the year ahead.

Ireland’s announcement places it among a group of European donors prioritising core funding for UN agencies as the agency faces political and operational pressures.

 

Michael Flatley accused of trying to “hijack” Lord of the Dance tour

The company that now runs the “Lord of the Dance” tour has won a temporary order blocking Michael Flatley from interfering in any way.

September 24, 2025: Michael Flatley at a press conference in the Gibson Hotel in Dublin, announcing details of the 30th anniversary celebrations of Lord of the Dance.

September 24, 2025: Michael Flatley at a press conference in the Gibson Hotel in Dublin, announcing details of the 30th anniversary celebrations of Lord of the Dance. RollingNews.ie

 

Michael Flatley has been accused of trying to “hijack” the highly successful Lord of the Dance tour – in order to strip it of cash to fund his debts and personal lifestyle.

The allegations are set out in affidavits before the High Court in Belfast in injunction proceedings brought by Switzer Consulting Ltd, the company that now runs the multimillion-euro tour.

The company has won a temporary order from the court blocking the dancer, who created the show 20 years ago, from interfering in any way.

Switzer Consulting Ltd has accused the Riverdance star of allegedly having a “dreadful financial reputation” and of allegedly asking Aiken Productions and other promoters to divert deposit funds for booked shows directly to him.

Switzer alleged this could put the whole tour in jeopardy, which it claimed would be “catastrophic” for the cast, production, and tour management who rely on Lord of the Dance for their livelihoods.

Switzer, which is registered in Northern Ireland, is also accusing the American-born, Monaco-based dancer, who sprung to fame with Riverdance in 1994, of alleged breach of contract, negligence, trespass, and conspiracy to cause loss.

In a sworn statement before the court, experienced music producer Joe Gallagher said he had first become involved in running the tour in December 2022, after being approached by Flatley’s then-agent Des Walshe.

“I was initially reluctant, as the defendant’s [Flatley’s] industry reputation, particularly in finance, was and is very poor,” he alleged. However, he said he agreed to run the shows with Switzer, which had put together a strong team to restart the tour business post-Covid. He subsequently became a director of Switzer.

A formal service agreement was agreed between Switzer and Flatley in July 2024, he said. Since then, the tour has thrived, with 260 shows booked this year, across eight to ten countries, with a similar number planned for 2027, and a second troupe of dancers employed.

The tour has a contract value of £4.5m (€5.2m) this year and £5.7m (€6.6m) next year, Mr. Gallagher claimed. All bookings are done through a contract between a promoter or client and Switzer, he said.

He attributed the turnaround in a “failed business” to the hard work done by himself and Switzer, noting that new costumes and a new set were in the pipeline for the first time in ten years.

“Historically speaking, instead of reinvesting, the defendant has consistently stripped the business of monies to support his personal lifestyle,” Mr. Gallagher alleged. “…It is only since the plaintiff assumed control of commercial matters that there has been a structured approach to the operation and development of the business.

“Staff are paid up to date, suppliers are fully paid, taxes are paid on time and in full. In an overall context, the business is being run properly.”

He said Flatley was benefiting from this, as he receives the royalties from each tour, paid directly into his bank account. However, Mr. Gallagher alleged that in recent months, Flatley had been seeking to interfere with the business, putting it “in real jeopardy.”

 

Michael Flatley in "Lord of the Dance" in Dublin in 1999. (RollingNews.ie)

 

He said he believed this was due to financial difficulties faced by Flatley. Last month, he said Flatley had set up a new Irish-registered business, Feet of Flames, which he believed the former Riverdance star intended to try to use to run the shows.

Mr. Gallagher said he had also received a text from Flatley’s current agent, Denis O’Sullivan, telling him he would have no further involvement in anything to do with the Lord of the Dance shows.

Over Christmas, he alleged Flatley had contacted Peter Aiken of Aiken Promotions, asking him to divert deposits from booked shows directly to him.

“It is my view that the defendant will try to hijack all existing contracts, and instead of running the business correctly, will strip the business of cash to support his debts and lifestyle,” he alleged.

He said this ignored the legal position of the 2024 contract and could cause all shows to be cancelled.

“Furthermore, any of the promoters currently dealing with [Switzer] will not deal directly with the defendant, as he has a dreadful financial reputation within the industry,” he alleged.

He also accused Flatley of having asked cast and crew members of the show to block Switzer contacts, and of having asked promoters in the UK, Eastern Europe, and America to redirect money to Feet of Flames.

Mr. Gallagher alleged contracting agents “throughout the world” would not deal with Flatley, due to his history of not paying bills. “Therefore the shows simply won’t go on and will be cancelled,” he said.

Mr. Gallagher said he believed Flatley was in serious financial difficulties, and alleged that his “lenders are effectively controlling his affairs.”

 

He said Flatley’s debts related to his Co. Cork mansion, Castlehyde, which is the subject of two Commercial Court actions in Dublin relating to allegedly faulty renovations.

Flatley has been ordered to pay €1.1million into court following a ruling regarding potential legal costs. Mr. Gallagher alleged Flatley had admitted in a meeting last November that he was “broke.”

The application for an injunction to prevent Flatley from cancelling, postponing, or interfering with the tour was made on Monday morning on an ex parte basis, meaning that only Switzer was represented in court.

An injunction was also requested to prevent him from contacting venues, promoters or any other person with a business involvement in the tour.

Flatley has since been notified about the injunctions and will have the chance to respond when the case is mentioned again before the court tomorrow.

.

*This article was originally published on Extra.ie. Additional reporting by Michael O’Farrell.

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Tír na mBláth is one of hundreds of branches throughout the world of Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann (CCÉ) pronounced “kol-tus kyol-tori air-in“, the largest group involved in the preservation of Irish music, dance and song.

Our board and membership is made up of Irish, Irish descendants, and all those who support, celebrate and take pride in the preservation of Irish culture.

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